Words List/ Polity Parliamentary/ 17 July 2015

Reserve, transcendental, immutable, overruled, innovated, contravention, invalidated, donee, abrogated, adhere, as to, usual, equals, nominal, de jure, executive, titular, defacto, bedrock, tended, swim and sink, stipulated, consensus, homogeneity, dissolution, divulge, ceremonial, grave, impeachment, omission and commission, very, congress, dictatorial, desgnitism, motion, moreover. Defection, conductive, absolute, dictatorship, autocratic, hyphen, buckle, fission, federation, autonomy, canton, reconcile, preferred to, secede, in so far as, preference, periphery, residuary, prescribed, equilibrium, inequitable, bulk, unilateral, audit, whereby, notably, resolution, agent, competence, withhold, suspensive, tilting, challenge, bias, bargaining, safeguard, peculiar, as much as, league, loose, mould, contrive, partitioned, centralism, laid down , appendage, satellite, eventuality, override, compromise, trends, moral, normal, aspirations, extent, nexus, extract editorial,extra Territorial, plenary, repeal, enumerated, autonomous, likewise, gambling, sanitation, predominenc, precedent, proclamation, repugnancy, abdication, ceiling, obligation, privileges, immunity, TRIPS, Co- terminus, absurdity, deleterious, chaos, strife, host, bewilderment, stymied, casualties, compliance, impede, prejudice, hamper, coercive, delegation, deadlock, mitigate, conditions, unconditional, entrusted, conversely, accordingly, adjudication,

Rulers Of Delhi Sultanate

List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
The dynasties which ruled in the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) are as following:

Slave (Ghulam) or Mamluk Dynasty
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
The Mamluk Dynasty or Slave Dynasty, directed into India by Qutb-ud-din Aibek, a Turkic general of Central Asian birth, was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule India's Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290. Aibek's tenure as a Ghorid administrator ranged between 1192 to 1206, a period during which he led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.

Ruler-Reign-Notes
°°°°°°°    °°°°°°°    °°°°°°°°°°
Qutbu l-Din Aibak(1206–1210)Slave of Mohammed of ghori and founder

Aram Shah(1210–1211)Eldest son of Aibak

Shams ud din Iltutmish(1211–1236)Son-in-law of Aibak

Rukn ud din Firuz(1236)Son of Iltutmish.

Raziyat ud din Sultana(1236–1240)Daughter of Iltutmish.

Muiz ud din Bahram(1240–1242)Son of Iltutmish.

Ala ud din Masud(1242–1246)Son of Rukn-ud-din Firuz.

Nasir ud din Mahmud(1246–1266)Grandson of Iltutmish.

Ghiyas ud din Balban(1266–1286)Son-in-law of Iltutmish and the most powerful ruler of the Slave Dynasty .

Muiz ud din Qaiqabad(1286–1290)Grandson (on daughter's side) of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud [1246-1266].
Kayumars1290Son of Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad.

Khilji dynasty
---------------------
The Khilji  was a dynasty of Turkic origin who ruled large parts of South Asia from 1290 - 1320. They were the second Muslim dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India. Led by their powerful ruler, Alauddin khiljai, they are noted in history for repeatedly defeating the warring Mongols.

Ruler-Reign-Notes

Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji1290–1296Son of Qaim Khan (Yulak Khan of Qunduz), and also the founder of the Khilji Dynasty.

Alauddin Khilji1296–1316Nephew of Firuz Khalji and the most powerful ruler of Khalji period.

Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah1316–1320

Tughlaq Dynasty
-----------------------
The Tughlaq Dynasty of north India started in 1321 in Delhi when Ghazi Tughlaq assumed the throne under the title of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq. The Tughluqs were a Muslim family of Turkic origin. Their rule relied on their alliances with Turkic, Afghan, and other Muslim warriors from outside South Asia.

Ruler-Reign-Notes

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq1321–1325

Muhammad binTughluq1325–1351aka Muhammad Shah II

Mahmud Ibn Muhammad1351 (March)

Firuz Shah Tughlaq1351–1388Cousin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II1388–1389

Abu Bakr Shah1389–1390

Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III1390–1393

Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I1393 (March–April)

Mahmud Nasir ud din1393–1394Sultan Mahmud II (real name). Ruled in Delhi.

Nusrat Shah1394–1399Grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, controlled the west from Firozabad.

Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah1399–1413Son of Mahmud Nasir-ud- din, controlled the east from Delhi.

Sayyid Dynasty
-------------------------
The Sayyid dynasty ruled Delhi sultanate in India from 1414 to 1451. They succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled that sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty.

This family claimed to be Sayyids, or descendants of Muhammad. The central authority of the Delhi Sultanate had been fatally weakened by the successive invasion of Timur (Tamerlane) and his sack of Delhi in 1398. After a period of chaos, when no central authority prevailed, the Sayyids gained power in Delhi. They remained a vassal of the Timuroids of Central Asia. Their 37-year period of dominance witnessed the rule of four different members of the dynasty.

Ruler- Reign
Khizr Khan1414–1421

Mubarak Shah1421–1434

Muhammad Shah1434–1445

Alam Shah1445–1451

Lodi Dynasty
-------------------
Lodi Dynasty :  was a Ghilzai Afghan dynasty, who ruled over the Delhi Sultanate during its last phase. The dynasty was founded by Bahlol Lodi ruled from 1451 to 1526. The last ruler of this dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi was defeated and killed by Babur in the first Battle of Panipat on April 20, 1526.

Ruler-Reign-Notes
Bahlol Lodi1451–1489Founder of the Lodi Dynasty

Sikander Lodi1489–1517

Ibrahim Lodi1517–1526
Defeated by Babur in the First battle of Panipat (in 1526) and thus ending the Delhi Sultanate

History Words

16-07-15 History Words
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Arbitrary, intruder, sting, castle, formidable, rupture, grievances, expelled, stormed, looted, besieged, feeble, backdoor, fled, propagated, causality, divine, appression, competence, capitulation, prompt, sailed, admiral, sicca, meanwhile, plot, conspiracy, artillery, sepoy, troop, treachery, Kirkpatrick, kilpatrick, precipitate, deputy, tortuous, protege, devoid, defray, harbouring, desposed, deposed, betrayed, sylhet, vice- versa, assigned, intrigue, harch, misappropriated, levied, stern, Armenian, amenian, ammunition, crisis, chequer, retaliated, compel, provoke, allies, inflected, crushing, overrun, fugitive, bout, puppet, proclaimed, collapse, passchit, transit, buffer, indemnity, restoration, defray, ceded, siege, acrot, mask, offending, clandestine, beggary, unremunerative, phantom, straw, unsheathed, outbreak, carnatic, conclusively, benefetor, inevitable, clereas, divert, inflow, dissension, desperation, posthumous, succumbed, ensuing, wavered, pension off, bassein, menace, relinquished, chauth, claims, master stroke, collision, penetrate, clash, ousted, ease, overtook, ratify, exorbitant, inflicted, crushing, assault, annexation, drove, wedge, carved, statesmanship,

Economic Words

Momentum, extensive, intensive, laissez fair, communist, polarisation, Soviet, pragmatic, infallible, taxpayers, bankruptcy, bailing out, prolonged, sub prime, iconic, minimal, extermalties, cater, sponsored, scarce, drastically, infow, alleviate, surge, exchequers, cast, subsidy, liberalised, put in, yardstick, distortion, outflow, remittances,

Indian National Movements/ 17 July 2015

1. Indian National
Movement
(1917 – 1947)

2. The Rowlet Act,
Jallianwala
Bagh Massacre
and Khilafat
Movement

3. Non-
Cooperation
Movement
(1920-1922)

4. Swaraj Party
and Simon
Commission
(1927)

5. Nehru Report
1928 and Civil
Disobedience
Movement
(1930 -1934)

6. The Dandi
March and The
Round Table
Conference

7. The Poona Act,
The Second
World War and
National
Movement

8. The Individual
Satyagraha and
Cripps Mission

9. Quit India
Movement
(1942-1944)
and the Indian
National Army

10. The Cabinet
Mission 1946

11. The
Mountbatten
Plan and The
Indian
Independence
Act 1947
Mountbatten
Plan (1947)

12.

History MCQs/July15

1. The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut, India on…………
a) 1398 b) 1495 c) 1496 d) 1498
2. Diu was the colony of the …………..
a) Portuguese b) English c) Dutch d) French
3. In 1612 ……………established a trading post in Gujarat.
a) British b) French c) Spain d) Dutch
4. In 1614 Sir Thomas Roe was instructed by …………… to visit the court of Jahangir, the
Mughal emperor of India.
a) James I b) Babar c) Shajahan d) Humayun
5. In 1661 the company obtained ………….. from Charles II.
a) Bombay b) Madras c) Kannur d) Calcutta
6. In 1650 Gabriel Boughton, an employee of the Company obtained a license for trade in
………….
a) Bengal b) Orissa c) Mysore d) Surat
7. Year of the Battle of Plassey is ………….
a) 1557 b) 1657 c) 1757 d) 1857
8. Year of the Battle of Wandiwash is …………
a) 1560 b) 1660 c) 1760 d) 1860
9. Year of the Battle of Buxar is………….
a) 1764 b) 1767 c) 1784 d) 1864
10) Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor of …………… in 1772.
a) Bengal b) Madras c) Bombay d) Delhi
11. Regulating Act was in the year of……………
a) 1573 b) 1673 c) 1773 d) 1873

Words List : Modern India

History: Modern India
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Portuguese, moor, Christendom, impel, fit out, zamorin, vessel, trio, merchandise, fleet, Inquisition, by pass, fact file, jealousy, fury, setback, wage, conclude, credit, dislodge, primier, salt peter, expedition, archipelago, prospect, hamper, flux, pirateship, sue, humiliate, in lieu of, rent, dues, retain, illegible, amalgamate, companie, des, at the instance of , fortress, struck, Danes, Gerald, asylum, sack, tateng, bishop, crippling, timber, kiln, cyclopean, imperial, consolidation, infantry, cavalry, inherited, usper, then on, overthrown, discord, deceit, amicable, pave, alliance, thereby, artery, confederacy, pre-eminence, terrain, contiguous, conglomerate, attitude, attribute, legend, principality, impoverished, diffusion, deluxe, sermons, text, insight, sanctity, hoard, cosmic, stakes, sacral, replicate, replica, guise, utopia, dazzling, usher, remorse, indulge, ethic, vanish, Swansong, astride, metrically, ascribe, hand down, culminate, transition, interpolate, monster, augment, digression, interlude, state craft, theogony, cosmology, accretion, ballad, verses, miscellany, eroticism, antinomian, shaivites, vaishnavite, generic, treatieas, etymology, metre, canon, conventionally, transmigration, tenet, tenant, idolatry, demon, benevolent, malevolent, godling, trivial, individualistic, witch crafts, spell, mystical, endow with, ritual, accompany, assimilation, impetus, skirmish, constraint, legitimate, legitimacy, legacy, consecratory, investiture, prerogative, chiefship, kinship, exogamy, endogamy, descent, fold, Denise, resisted, primogeniture, distancing, cement, ties, fraught, lineage, preponderance, together with, rites, gratitude, subsistence, characterize, mainstay, shift, de- facto, nebulous, nevertheless, sedentary, norm, sesame, primitive, mass, millet, staple, oxen, winnowing, socketed, tract, horizon, exaggerate, dessication, doab, core, recitation, explicit, realm, roughly, chants, reflect, abstract, rampart, materialistic, perspective, pantheistic, lauded, monotheistic, polytheism, host, intermediary, personify, vanquished, animism, set up, intra, venerated, vis  a vis  , sprang, invoke, mediator, officiating, phallus, snub, domination, pantheon, hymn, none, seers, fairly, fission, patriarchal, pasture, disparities, assymetrical, egalitarian, patron, hostility, subjugate, hostile, feast, ostensibly, legitimization, militia, warfare, booty, so much so that , apparently, redistribution, vases, carinated, sparse, smith, hire, nomadic, sickle, axe, how, slashing, figure, ploughshare, accentuate, discern, clan, patrilineal, legitimate, contemporaneous,  corroborative, pastoral, untenability, incessant, descendant, expound, orientalist, vague, compartment, interpulatio, imposition, cosmological urn,

How To Prepare for IAS by Swarochish Somawanshi Sir IAS AIR 49

I do not find myself to be the
competent authority to guide anyone
regarding preparation for GS. My
score in GS has not been good
enough to inspire anyone. Lets see
them 202(2009), 229(2010),
250(2011). But the silver lining is
that its constantly increasing!
Having said that, I must confess that
I kept on changing the strategy,
study pattern and material
throughout, as 4 years’ span is long
enough to be confused.
It will be naïve if I say that all the
material which I glanced should be
regarded as “serious study”. I read
and referred much while retained
very less. So lets divide the list in
two broad sections viz. “Core n
Peripheral”.
The “Core (C)” was revised repeatedly
n was almost learnt by heart. The
“Peripheral (P) ” was read n revised
if time permitted. Hereafter I will be
writing (C) for the CORE to indicate
the importance attached by me, for
revision purposes.
I have never studied GS for Prelims
separately, only revision was based
on that. So its an Integrated Approch
I m putting here, for both pre and
mains.
Before we discuss it section wise,
lets be clear that
* I joined ALS for GS and followed
their study material and class notes
for every section, if not stated
otherwise explicitly. (C)
*studied lots of NCERTs, both new
and old, even wasted my valuable
time in reading some. Still I rate
them the best to install solid
foundation of the citadel. Its not
possible to name them, the list of
NCERTs provided by ALS is well
thouhgt of. Please refer to it. I dnt
have it right now.
Now lets do it section wise-
Indian Polity-
*Started with not less than DD Basu.
When I was in third yr of my engg.
Then Subhash Kashyap by NBT.
*Then “Perspectives On Indian
Constitution” edited by Subhash
Kashyap.
*Indian Constitution At Work (NCERT
Class XI textbook in political science,
newer syllabus)
*Politics in India since Independence
( NCERT Class XII textbook in
political science, newer syllabus)
*Democracy in India: Issues and
Challenges (NCERT Class XIIth
textbook in Political science, older
syllabus)
*Democratic politics (NCERT Class
Xth, newer syllabus)
*Finally I landed on Wizard Polity By
Jojo Matthew n stuck to it till 4th
may 2012. (C)
Modern History-
*Started with not less than Bipan
Chandra’s moti wali book, The
Struggle For Independence or Indian
Freedom Struggule whatever the
name be.
*But due to sea change in the pattern
n declining importance of History in
mains I landed over Spectrums
Modern History by Rajiv Ahir (C). It’s
a good book. Seems to be short but I
failed to complete it till date!
*Its worth mentioning here, an
NCERT by Bipan Chardra for class
12th is must read. (C)
Geography-
Wizard Geo by Jojo matthew is
comprehensive (C). Khullar I referred
here n there. Obviously apart from
NCERTs.
Map is essential part. Be very
thorough with both India n worlds
Nadi-Pahaad-Naale (C) . I had Orient
Longmans atlas and a friend to help
me… thanks to Raj Prakash Singh J
In my second attempt I read the
magazine “ Geography And You” and
used the material thereafter where
ever I found it suitable.
Indian Economy-
*It was the most difficult part of GS
for me being an engineer. Relied
wholly on ALS class notes by
Arunesh Sir (C).
*Economic Survey n Budget Speech
are important documents to
substantiate n update (C).
*Indian Economy Special Issue by
Pratiyogita Darpan is also well to go
through, especially for prelims.
*For reference- Indian Economy by
Mishra and Puri.
International affairs/ Bilateral Issues-
*Contemporary World Politics( Class
XIIth NCERT)
International relations chapters in
the book *Democracy in India: Issues
and Challenges (NCERT Class XIIth
textbook in Political Science, older
syllabus)
*I found Frontlines World Affairs to
be very useful, even for this mains it
was very relevant. (C)
*I simply love following C.
Rajamohan’s Blog. Plz do find
associated scholars’ notes of Indian
Foreign Policy Reseach Institute.
Science and Tech-
Wizard SnT by Jojo sir (C) Put
together internet etc. I failed utterly
to do justice with this section in all
my 3 attempts. No gyan to be
delivered on it.God save me!
Current affairs-
Newspapers-
The Hindu or Indian Express.
Magazines-
Let me admit at the very outset that I
hate reading competition magazines
except Toppers’ Interview Section
which I used to read since the “Stone
Age”…hehehe.
When I was in 6th standard, I used to
buy Pratiyogita Darpan (Hindi wali)
used to tear off the Toppers’
Interview Section. Put it secured in a
file n throw out the rest of
IRRELEVANT PART of magazine .
Silsila dilli tak jaari raha ;)
*Jokes apart, Initially I used to read
Yojana and Kurukshetra. Later on I
stopped it due to paucity of time
when I changed one of my optional.
*Competition Wizard we used to get
free at ALS. Then Chronicle then PD
for some time.
*I used to like “South Asia Politics”
edited by Sh Subhash Kashyap n
read it for almost one and half initial
years.
*Apart from these, its important to
brush up the material, u have studied
throughout the year, right before the
exam, for this material/ notes/
current affairs books by Vajiram and
Ravi and Wizard (moti wali current
affairs book) are very handy.
*You may yourself search on the
book stalls @ Mukherjee nagar or
Rajinder Nagar because its possible
that a better publication is there this
year!
To conclude, I think I have
reproduced what all I did last four
years for GS. At the same time my
memory’s vulnerability is also to be
appreciated. As and when I recall
anything worthy I will surely update.
Its also to be repeated time and
again that there is NO ONE BEST
WAY to get it done, its subjective and
explanations vary considerably. I
think its good enough to start with
towards our cherished dream ie IAS.
Go and get it!
With best wishes,
Swarochish Somavanshi,
AIR-49, CSE-2011.

Read Newspaper In 45 Mintus by Swarochish Somawanshi Sir IAS AIR 49

All the news items can be classified
under 3 broad Categories-A, B and C.
While you start with the news paper
try to classify the news items in the
above said categories. Time taken- 5
minutes.
Category A-
Pick some 4-5 stories which you are
going to read in detail, including the
Editorial page. Be choosy. Try to put
minimum items in this category. We
will call it Category A.
Broadly it includes-Analysis
(Editorials/ Op-Eds/ Essays)
Category B-
Pick some 4-5 stories which are
required to update you with current
happenings, but not requiring serious
perusal and analysis. Let me call it
Category B.
Broadly it includes- Events Coverage
(Breaking news, Mostly Front Page)
Category C-
It includes Miscellaneous News
( Political news, controversies,
Advertisement, Personal views, facts,
data and page 3 masala etc)
We must ignore the Category-C news.
Its simply not required to burden
your mind with loads of facts and
data. Try to avoid wasting time on
controversies.
Start with Category B-
Read first one or two paragraphs
carefully and try to understand the
issue.
Once you get it. Don’t read number
of supports/ evidences/
statements/ views of different
people, as its given in the
subsequent paragraphs, just to
elaborate.
You just have to acquaint yourself
with the issue. If the event is so
important, the follow up news will
be published in next day’s edition
also. So wait and watch.
Glance quickly the remaining news.
Read the last paragraph and you are
done with it.
Move on to the next news item of
Category B and so on…
Now you have a feel of the news
paper.
Time taken-10 minutes.
Then Category A-
You have to put maximum of your
concentration, energy and time in
this Category .
Read the article carefully and
underline wisely.
Try to relate it with the topic it has a
relevance with. Be it GS or
Optionals.
Make it sure that you have
understood it point-wise and will be
able to recall it.
Write down the points in one or two
words on the top, or where you find
the space in the paper itself.
Make it sure that YOU WILL BE
WRITING THIS IN YOUR MAIN EXAM
if such and such question would be
asked.
Now the “item” is yours and not of
the newspaper’s. Nobody can steal
it from you and you have added
some value today. Preserve the
paper cutting in a file.
Time taken-30 minutes.
Classification and Revision-
This is the most difficult part.
Nobody does it. I did it. But I admit
my inconsistency and irregularity
across my 3 attempts.
(Regular candidates can laugh at my
blatant arrogance!)
Try to classify the cuttings under
some heads viz.
International/ Bilateral
Economy
Polity/ Law and Justice
Environment
Health
Education
Essay
Optional, if any item is fit for them.
Finally,
Make your own classes and classify
them.
Try to revise your file at regular
intervals and use the points in your
answer writing sessions.
Its not a child’s play, needs lots of
discipline…
Let me confess it before “The
Judgement Day” that the method
was very useful to arouse and
sustain my interest in reading
newspaper, as I never ever liked it.
Its like a “Kadvi Davaa” and the
exercise is like Mothers’ Kiss, to
make it a bliss.
You have to swallow the medicine
anyway, whether you like it or not. I
experimented my way, now its turn
to experiment, improvise and revise.
Let us know your experiences.
Waiting for the feedback and
response.
Thanks for your encouragement and
support.
PS:
We will handle “The Experiments
with Revision” In great detail
separately.
What if it requires more than 45
minutes sometimes, Even ‘Maggi’
Requires more than 2 minutes ;)
lekin maza to aa hi jata hai naa! :)
NB- its an humble request to all
those handful of readers who have
reached till the last line to SHARE
THIS STATUS so as to benefit the
maximum as I have invested a lot of
time to conceptualize and type this
write-up.
-Swarochish Somvanshi,
AIR-575, CSE 2009,
AIR-49, CSE 2011.

Time Management by Swarochish Somawanshi Sir IAS AIR 49

Part-1 .
It is said that the success is the best
effort within the constraints of space,
time and resources. Preparing
for  Civil Services is no exception to
this. To optimise the result, Time
Management is very crucial.
Time Management for Civil Services
preparation is a vast topic. It cant be
dealt in one write-up. Here Time
Management is of two types-
During preparation and
During 3 hours in examination hall.
The scope of this article is limited to
the first one i.e. Time management
during preparation. second one will
be dealt later on.
Let us start by acknowledging the
fact that we have to go for
Multilayered Planning Approach to
manage the time to optimize the
output as-
Subject Wise Planning (Indicative/
Broad/ Flexibility Allowed)
Monthly Planning (Detailed/ Rigid)
And
Daily Planning (Tailor Made/
Instantaneous).
Let us discuss each one by one.
I.Subject Wise Planning-
Assumptions I am making here are,
The reader is a beginner who is
going to appear in CSE 2013. So he
has atleast 8 months to prepare for
mains before he starts the engine
for PT (till feb).
He is a full timer ie he has at-least
10-12 hours to devote round the
year.
This is an integrated plan for GS
including PT and Mains.
So we have 8 months, lets divide it
as,
Optional 1- 3 months
Optional 2- 3 months
GS- 2months
Now prepare an Indicative Plan for
each to complete each one in
stipulated time. Give equal weightage
to both the papers, i.e. 1.5 months
for each. Here the balance is very
important as generally we tend to
emphasize on paper one be it
Optional 1, Optional 2 or GS.
Lets take an example to elucidate.
Example-
For GS we have 2 months= 60 days.
So a broad division to study it, can
be as following-
History- 15 days
Geography- 15 days
Polity- 15 days
Economy- 15 days
Now you have a broad idea of the
fact how less time you actually have!
We will pick the thread of this
example later also but leave it for
some time.
That was a Macro Plan now lets
discuss the Micro one.
II. Monthly Planning (Detailed/
Rigid)-
This one is the most important of all.
Here we will prepare the detailed
study plan of forthcoming four
weeks. I have found it very very
useful to complete the humongous
course without missing/ over
emphasizing any topic. This is well
applicable to Revisions as well.
Assumptions I made here are,
The reader is studying 2 subjects
out of 3 in per day i.e. any two out
of Optional-1, Optional-2 and GS.
Lets pick the thread of our example
to elucidate further.
We allotted 2 months for GS
meaning thereby History in just 15
days!!! So less! How to cover whole
of the Modern History in just 2
weeks! Afraid! Hai na??
Don’t be. I have a magic. Lets
double the number of days using my
jadoo of simple maths.
We have devoted 2 months to GS, if
you recall, leaving other 6 months
for O1 and O2. So we assumed
there that while studying GS you
would be reading GS only, which is
not the case here.
That exercise was just to make you
realize how less time has left and
how to divide the syllabus to rule!
Here, this month, we will study GS
plus one optional. So for all
practical purposes your number of
days are doubled as you have only
half of the day for GS and rest is for
Optional. To be very clear one of
your optional is also prepared
simultaneously So now you have 4
months for GS. Yipeee ! what a
magic.
Now breakup for GS may be as-
History- 30 days
Geography- 30 days
Polity- 30 days
Economy- 30 days
Now thats good na!
Move further, to actual thing,
Detailed Monthly Plan (DMP)-
Day 1- 1857 Struggle
Day 2- Socio Religious Reforms
Day 3- Socio Religious Reforms
Day 4- Socio Religious Reforms
Day 5- Socio Religious Reforms
Day 6- Moderates’ Phase till partition
of Bengal
Day 7- Moderates’ Phase till partition
of Bengal
Day 8- Moderates’ Phase till partition
of Bengal
Day 9- Advent of Gandhi till Non
Cooperation movement 1921
Day 10- RESERVE DAY
Day 11- Advent of Gandhi till Non
Cooperation movement 1921
Day 12- Advent of Gandhi till Non
Cooperation movement 1921
Day 13- Communists/ Swarajists/
Civil Disobedience Movement (1921
to 1937)
Day 14- Communists/ Swarajists/
Civil Disobedience Movement (1921
to 1937)
Day 15- Communists/ Swarajists/
Civil Disobedience Movement (1921
to 1937)
Day 16- Communists/ Swarajists/
Civil Disobedience Movement (1921
to 1937)
Day 17- Communists/ Swarajists/
Civil Disobedience Movement (1921
to 1937)
Day 18- Communists/ Swarajists/
Civil Disobedience Movement (1921
to 1937)
Day 19- Towards Freedom (1937- 47)
Day 20- RESERVE DAY
Day 21- Towards Freedom (1937- 47)
Day 22- Towards Freedom (1937- 47)
Day 23- Towards Freedom (1937- 47)
Day 24- Towards Freedom (1937- 47)
Day 25- Towards Freedom (1937- 47)
Day 26- Misc Topics (Kisan/ Tribal
Movement, Development Of
Education/ Press)
Day 27- Misc Topics (Kisan/ Tribal
Movement, Development Of
Education/ Press)
Day 28- Misc Topics (Kisan/ Tribal
Movement, Development Of
Education/ Press)
Day 29- Misc Topics (Kisan/ Tribal
Movement, Development Of
Education/ Press)
Day 30- RESERVE DAY.
Reserve Days are cushions to
accommodate unforeseen events. An
automatic slack is provided to ensure
the religious adherence to the rigid
plan. If you are not able to follow
your plan that’s the indication of
danger which is timely sensed. Make
corrections in your habits and try
again.
Here its also worth mentioning, if you
miss a topic to complete upto your
satisfaction level don’t spoil your
whole plan by making adjustments in
the plan itself. Just move on. Mark
the topic to identify it later. And
preserve the sheet to remind you
later about the topics you are weak
in.
Similar DMP is to be prepared for the
optional which will go hand in hand
with the GS.
Prepare them and PASTE THEM ON
YOUR WALL. “FB wall” nahi re lallu!
The wall against your study table
else your cozy bed which is mostly
used by us for study purposes. Hope
you have a study table and you
actually use it seldom. Sometimes I
am so optimistic be it Pakistan or
studies ;)
Now move on to next and last layer
of our planning.
III .Daily Planning (Tailor Made/
Instantaneous)-
Assumption here is one is able to
read 10-12 hours. 2 hours for news
paper/ magazine. Rest 10 hours for
GS and one optional. So it comes
out to be 5 hour for each.
So, that is all for planning. Here we
have understood how difficult work
our Planning Commission is doing!
Apart from planning one more
important thing is Self Feedback
Mechanism to ensure the good
implementation.
For this I used to paste a separate
chart- HOUR COUNT CHART (HCC) -
indicating number of hours I used to
study per day. If you have a room
partner its advised to paste both the
HCCs side by side for better
comparison.
This was a mirror to prove me LAZY
which my mummy used to call me
since childhood and I never
accepted the established fact till
then.
Lets sum it up,
After reading the whole Mahabharat
you should be convinced enough to
have 3 charts on your wall- two
DMPs and one HCC.
I never named them when I used
them like DMP/HCC etc. Just coined
the terms to better differentiate and
understand. Its also easy to ask
questions regarding them after
naming them. So pardon me
jargonizing the write up considering
it a necessary evil. I just hate it.
It was a great time to prepare this
way. Feeling nostalgic to remember
my room partner Mr Raj Prakash
Singh who was very fond of doing
this exercise. He was very
supportive and we studied whole of
the GS together like this only.
NB- its an humble request to all
those handful of readers who have
reached till the last line to SHARE
THIS STATUS so as to benefit the
maximum as I have invested a lot of
time to conceptualize and type this
write-up.
With best wishes,
Swarochish Somvanshi,
AIR-49 (CSE 2011)
AIR-575 (CSE 2009)

How To Make Notes By Swarochish Somawanshi Sir IAS AIR 49

Before you actually start Preparing
Notes first thing you have to do is to
throw your pen away and pay heed
towards your Learning
Process. When I say it like- Learning
Process, I try to become more of
philosophical and less scientific, if
you allow me to be so. First of all we
have to understand the whole
Process Of Learning, which our mind
undergoes through, mostly sub-
consciously.
So let’s start the fairy tale , based on
my fancies. Our mind has number of
Neuron Cells where the data is stored
when we study. A collection of cells,
far from biology, and according to
computer science, can be understood
as a Grid of lacs of cells. The
number of cells keep on changing.
For example- if we read a piece
which says India’s capital is New
Delhi, there are two cells formed,
nested one into another, first cell,
bigger one, is to store “India” and
other inside the bigger one to store
“New Delhi”.
So the point to be noted is, if the two
cells are not formed, first they get
formed and data is stored. If they are
already formed, some more cells,
inside the existing Mother Cell, are
formed as a Sub Grid and the finer
details are stored such as area of
Delhi, population etc.
So the issue before us is twofold-
Enlargement of grid as far as
possible.
Creation of sub grids, sub grids, sub
sub grids etc
To store maximum possible
information while reading the least.
Here comes the role of two things for
this purpose-
Preparing notes
Revision
Let us restrict ourselves to the first
one so that focus is not lost.
Preparing notes: Let me deal it point
wise-
If the book is a basic book, which
has to be done religiously (eg-
Prasad and Prasad for Public
Administration)
Read the book as fast as possible in
first iteration , avoid all the data/
facts. You don’t have to mug any
number, remember, no data at all .
Just have an overview and get the
theme the author wants you to
understand. Relate it to your existing
knowledge, to better comprehend.
Identify the Core Themes .
In the second iteration , try to focus on
the Core Themes. Try to retain only
one or two illustrations, whereas the
authors have a tend to put various
illustrations to prove their point. Now
its time to highlight/ underline the
important lines. Be miser to do it.
In third iteration , we use different
color’s pen to highlight. Identify the
topic/ question where you would like
to fit the info. Write on the book’s
margin itself .
Now you are all qualified to take
notes.
Some points to remember, while
actually writing it on the notebook.
Use least number of words, this is
possible only when you have a good
understanding of the topic.
Remember we don’t have to copy-
paste from the book in toto.
Leave spaces between the topics. To
allow future updations.
Try to innovate, a flow chart or
diagram if it strikes to your mind.
After completing the chapter I used
to prepare a Single Page Summary of
whole of the chapter, mentioning
headings and sub headings, to revise
it in 5 minutes On the D Day.
If you have read the same chapter
form some other sources, try to write
that also in continuation. If possible.
If the book is NOT a basic book and
its to be studied for updation
purposes (Magazines, journals like
IJPA )
Highlight/ underline in the first
iteration itself. Jot down the things
you want to, in the study material
itself.
To conclude, I think I have
reproduced what all I did last four
years while preparing notes. The
smart you work here, your Answer
Structuring gets nourished
automatically. So the much hyped
Ghost Of Answer Writing is also
managed to a great extent.
At the same time my memory’s
vulnerability is also to be
appreciated. As and when I recall
anything worthy I will surely update.
Its also to be repeated time and
again that there is NO ONE BEST
WAY to get it done, this is just an
experiment by me, its subjective and
explanations vary considerably. I
think it’s good enough to start with
towards our cherished dream ie IAS.
Go and get it!
NB- its an humble request to all those
handful of readers who have reached till
the last line to SHARE THIS STATUS so
as to benefit the maximum as I have
invested a lot of time to conceptualize
and type this write-up. Thanks.
With best wishes,
Swarochish Somavanshi,
AIR-49, CSE-2011
AIR- 575, CSE- 2009

What To Read In The Hindu

The Hindu
••••••••••••••••••••••••
1. Always read EDITORIALS usually 2
given in the left margin and 1 in the
center and do not skip them.
Including this there are some micro
tasks which help you strengthen your
reading skills like preparing a list of
difficult words and write down their
meanings, it will expand you
vocabulary.
2. If you really like as article or
editorial, rather than cutting it, just
Bookmark it (if you are reading
epaper). It will help in easy revision
process.

3. Read the NATIONAL page
meticulously (in detailed manner).
Don't miss Thursday's edition of
Hindu Science and Technology
coverage as it covers many
questions both in prelims and in
mains exam as well.

4. Read Financial portion well
because many regular/recent
changes are covered in those
sections. Also read the last page of
the newspaper very meticulously as
many important information is
provided there. No need to mug up
any kind of facts, just remember the
trends and analyze them as they
change in particular area.

5. Develop a strong vocabulary to make
sense of Hindu's editorials.

Current affairs 10th July 2015

Current Affairs Questions and Answers - July 10, 2015

Q1. In which scam case the Supreme Court on 9th July’15 ordered CBI probe and issued notice to centre as well as M.P. govt?

A. Vyapam
B. Shardha Chit Fund
C. IPL
D. Coal Block Allocation

ANSWER: A. Vyapam

Q2. Who has recommended that there should be a special law to deal with the cases of assault on journalists and it should be made cognizable and non- bailable offence?

A. President of India
B. National Human Rights Commission
C. Press Council of India
D. Supreme Court

ANSWER: C. Press Council of India

Q3. Name the notable Urdu poet also known as ‘Indo Pak Shayar’ who passed away on 9th July’15?

A. Firaq Gorakhpuri
B. Bashar Nawaaz
C. Faiz Ahmad Faiz
D. Habib Tanvir

ANSWER: B. Bashar Nawaaz

Q4. Name the scheme launched on 9th July’15 by HRD Ministry to make learning of Science and Mathematics a joyful and meaningful activity for school children?

A. Rashtriya Vaigyanik Khoj
B. Vigyan Avishkar Abhiyan
C. Rashtriya Vigyan Abhiyan
D. Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan

ANSWER: D. Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan

Q5. On which day the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) launched the facility of online payment of application fees through Credit/Debit cards and electronic fund transfer from 53 Banks?

A. 7th July’15
B. 8th July’15
C. 9th July’15
D. 10th July’15

ANSWER: C. 9th July’15

Q6. Name the head of the International Monetary Fund?

A. Kofi Annan
B. Ban Ki Moon
C. Christine Lagarde
D. Mark Simon

ANSWER: C. Christine Lagarde

Q7. As per the IMF report, in which year IMF forecast a growth rate of 7.5 per cent for India and China's 6.3 per cent?

A. 2015
B. 2016
C. 2017
D. 2018

ANSWER: B. 2016

Q8. With which country India has signed Inter Governmental Agreement to implement the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) on 9th July’15?

A. Kazakhstan
B. United States
C. Russia
D. China

ANSWER: B. United States

Q9. Name the boxer who has been stripped by the World Boxing Organization (WBO) of the Welterweight World title which he won by beating Manny Pacquiao two months ago?

A. Muhammad Ali
B. Mike Tyson
C. Sugar Ray Leonard
D. Floyd Mayweather

ANSWER: D. Floyd Mayweather

Q10. What is the position of India in the latest FIFA rankings?

A. 51
B. 68
C. 96
D. 156

ANSWER: D. 156

Q11. Who became the first Indian to win a Gold Medal at World University Games in Gwangju, South Korea on 8th July’15?

A. Inderjit Singh
B. Achal Pratap Singh
C. Amrendra Pal Singh Chauhan
D. Akshay Jain

ANSWER: A. Inderjit Singh

Q12. Who has been appointed as the Head of the Committee to study status of Sports Authority of India (SAI) training centers across the country?

A. Pullela Gopi Chand
B. Ashwini Nachappa
C. Amrinder Singh
D. Rajiv Shukla

ANSWER: B. Ashwini Nachappa

Q13. What would be the theme of 2015 Science Express announced on 8th July’15?

A. Climate Change
B. Global Warming
C. Water level
D. Rivers in India

ANSWER: A. Climate Change

Indian Geography: Forests, Minerals etc/July15

• From mid-Sept to mid-Dec, the monsoon retreats. As the sun’s vertical rays start shifting towards the Tropic of
Capricorn, the low pressure area starts moving south and winds finally start blowing from land to sea. This is
called north-east monsoon. The withdrawal of monsoon is a much more gradual process than its onset. It causes
rainfall in Tamil Nadu as the winds pick some moisture from Bay of Bengal. This explains the phenomenon why
Tamil Nadu remains dry when the entire country receives rain and why it gets rain when practically the entire
country is dry.
• The cold and dry weather starts in early December. In this, the average temperature in south is 24-25c, and while
in the north is 10-15c. In the latter part of December and in January, the dry spell is broken by the westerly
depressions (temperate cyclones) from Mediterranean Sea, which causes some rain in north-west India.
• Almost all the precipitation in India is caused by the monsoons and it is primarily orographic in nature. Cyclonic
storms provide only a little rain, mainly in the north.

Climatic Regions of India
------------------------------------
India can be divided into a number of climatic regions.
• Tropical Rain Forests in India : Found in the west coastal plains, the Western Ghats and parts of Assam.
Characterized by high temperatures throughout the year. Rainfall, though seasonal, is heavy- about 200 cm
annually during May-November.
• Tropical Savanna Climate : In most of the peninsula region except the semi-arid zone in the leeward side of the
Western Ghats. It is characterized by long dry weather throughout winter and early summer and high temperature
(above 18.2c); annual rainfall varies from 76 cm in the west to 150 cm in the east.
• Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate : It prevails in the rain-shadow belt running southward from
Central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu in the leeward side of the Western Ghats and the Cardamom Hills. It is
characterized by low rainfall which varies from 38 cm to 80 cm, high temperature between 20 and 30.
• Tropical and Subtropical Steppes : Large areas in Punjab, Haryana and Kutch region. Temperature varies from
12-35c. The maximum temperature reaches up to 49c. The annual rainfall, varying from 30.5-63.5 cm, is also
highly erratic.
• Tropical desert : This climate extends over the western parts of Banner, Jaisalmer and Bikaner districts of
Rajasthan and parts of Kutch. It is characterized by scanty rainfall (30.5 cm), which is highly erratic. Rains are
mostly in the form of cloud-burst. Mean monthly temperature is uniformly high (about 35c).
• Humid Subtropical Climate with Dry Winters : This area includes south of the Himalayas, east of the tropical
and subtropical steppes and north of tropical savannah. Winters are mild to severe while summers are extremely
hot. The annual rainfall varies from 63.5 cm to more than 254 cm, most of it received during the south west
monsoon season.
• Mountain Climate : Such type of climate is seen in mountainous regions which rise above 6,000 m or more such
as the Himalayas and the Karakoram Range.

Soils in India
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has divided Indian soils into eight major groups:

Alluvial Soil in India
----------------------------------
• They are by far the largest and the most important soil group of India. They are composed of sediments deposited
by rivers and the waves. Their chemical composition makes them one of the most fertile in the world. Usually
deficient in nitrogen and humus (thus fertilizers are needed).
• Occupy the plains (from Punjab to Assam) and also occur in the valleys of Narmada and Tapti in M.P. & Gujarat,
Mahanadi in the MP and Orissa, Godawari in A.R and Cauvery in T.N.
• Can be divided into Khadar (new) and Bhangar (older, more clayey and kankary) alluvium.

Black Soil in India
----------------------
• Also called Regur and is ideal for cotton crop. These soils have been formed due to the solidification of lava
spread over large areas during volcanic activity in the Deccan Plateau, thousands of years ago.
• They are black due to compounds of iron and aluminium (also because of titaniferous magnetite).
• Mainly found in Deccan Plateau – Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
• Apart from cotton cultivation, these fertile soils are suitable for growing cereals, oilseeds, citrus fruits and
vegetables, tobacco and sugarcane.
• They have high moisture retention level.
• Lack in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.

Red Soil in India
-------------------
• They are mainly formed due to the decomposition of ancient crystalline rocks like granites and gneisses and from
rock types rich in minerals such as iron and magnesium. The term ‘red soil’ is due to the wide diffusion of iron
oxides through the materials of the soil.
• Covers almost the whole of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, S.E. Maharashtra, Chhatisgarh, parts of
Orissa, Jharkhand and Bundelkhand.
• Generally deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorus, but rich in potash.
• Suitable for rice, millets, tobacco and vegetables (also groundnuts and potatoes at higher
elevations).

Laterite Soil in India
------------------------
• Found in typical monsoon conditions – under conditions of high temperature and heavy rainfall with alternate wet
and dry periods. The alterations of wet and dry season leads to the leaching away of siliceous matter and lime of
the rocks and a soil rich in oxides of iron and aluminium compounds is left behind.
• Found in parts of Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Rajmahal hills, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, West
Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, etc.
• Poor in nitrogen and minerals.
• Best for tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona, coconut and suitable for rice and millet cultivation if manured.

Forest and Mountain Soils
------------------------------
• Such soils are mainly found on the hill slopes covered by forests. The formation of these soils is mainly governed
by the characteristic deposition of organic matter derived from forest growth.
• In the Himalayan region, such soils are mainly found in valley basins, depressions and less steeply inclined
slopes. Apart from the Himalayan region, the forest soils occur in higher hills in south and the peninsular region.
• Very rich in humus but are deficient in Potash, phosphorous and lime and needs fertilizers.
• Plantation of tea, coffee, spices and tropical fruits.

Arid and Desert Soils
---------------------------
• A large part of the arid and semi-arid region in Rajasthan and adjoining areas of Punjab and Haryana lying
between the Indus and the Aravallis receiving less than 50 cm of annual rainfall is affected by desert conditions.
• This area is covered by a mantle of sand which inhibits soil growth.
• The phosphate content of these soils is as high as in normal alluvial soils. Nitrogen is originally low but its
deficiency is made up to some extent by the availability of nitrogen in the form of nitrates. Thus the presence of
phosphates and nitrates make them fertile soils wherever moisture is available.
• The changes in the cropping pattern in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area are a living example of the utility
of the desert soils.

Saline and Alkaline Soils
----------------------------
• In the drier parts of Bihar, Up Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Maharashtra, are the salt-impregnated or alkaline
soils. Known by different names: Reh, kallar, USAR, etc.
• Some of the salts are transported in solution by the rivers and canals, which percolates in the sub-soils of the
plains.
• The accumulation of salts makes the soil infertile and renders it unfit for agriculture.

Peaty and Marshy Soils
--------------------------
• Originate in the humid regions as a result of accumulation of large amounts of organic matter in the soil. They
contain considerable amounts of soluble salts and 10 – 40% of organic matter.

• Peaty soils are found in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of Kerala, where it is called Kari.
• Marshy soils, high in vegetable matter, are found in northern Bihar, coastal parts of Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West
Bengal and parts of UP

Soil Erosion in India
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• Acute in hilly and dry regions
• Causes – depletion of forests, wrong use of lands such as cultivation on very steep slopes, cattle rearing. It
ultimately leads to Badland Topography.
• Remedy – Afforestation, contour cultivation etc.

Natural Vegetation in India
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests
In areas over 250cm rainfall. In Western Ghats, hilly areas in N.E. India and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Trees are rosewood, shisham, ebony, ironwood, etc.

Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests
----------------------
• In areas having rainfall between 100 – 200 cm. In peninsular region and along the foothills of Himalayas in
Shivaliks, Bhabhar and Tarai.
• The trees of these forests drop their leaves for about 6-8 weeks during the spring and early summer when
sufficient moisture isn’t available.
• Trees are teak, sal, bamboo, sandalwood, rosewood, etc.

Thorn Forests
••••••••••••••••••
• In areas having rainf(all between 25 and 80cm. In arid regions of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat.
• Trees are palm, acacia, etc.

Hill Forests
----------------
• In hills of S.India and the Himalayas.
• The type of trees depends upon the height of the mountain : Sal and bamboo below 1000 m; oaks, chestnuts
and other fruit trees, and chir forests between 1000 and 2000 m; pine, deodar, silver fern and spruce between
1600 and 3300 m; above 3600 m alpine forests with trees like silver firs, pines, birches, etc. Alpine forests give
way to Alpine grasslands and scrubs as we move up further.

Tidal or Mangrove Forests
------------------------------
• Also known as Littoral or Swamp Forests.

• Occur along the sea coast and in the estuaries of rivers, especially in Sunderbans and the Andamans.
• Most important tree is Sundari. It provides hard and durable timber which is used for construction and building
purposes as well as for making boats.
Note :
• According to the National Forest Policy, the minimum desired area which is considered safe for a tropical country
like India is about 33%.
• Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under forests followed by Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and
Arunachal Pradesh.
• As per percentage of forest area to total area, first is Andaman and Nicobar Islands, followed by Mizoram,
Manipur, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura and Nagaland. They are in a very comfortable position
as more than half of their area is under forests.
• Arunachal Pradesh has the highest per capita forest area.
• In Mangrove forests, West Bengal holds the first position, followed by Gujarat and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• The lowest forest percentage is in Haryana and Punjab, because of the extensive agriculture.
Biosphere Reserves in India
• The biosphere reserve program was launched by the UNESCO in 1971 under the aegis of its Man and Biosphere
(MAB) Program, to provide a global network of protected areas for conserving natural communities.
• In India, the first biosphere reserve – Nilgiri biosphere reserve – came into being in 1986. So far, 14 biosphere
reserves have been set up in the country.
Nilgiri (Western Ghats)
Similipal (Orissa)
Nanda Devi (Uttarakhand) Dibru-Daikhowa (Asom)
Nokrek (Meghalaya)
Dehong Dabang (Arunachal Pradesh)
Manas (Asom) Panchmarhi (MP)
Sunderbans (West Bengal) Kanchanjunga (Sikkim)
Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu) Agastyamalai (Kerala)
Great Nicobar (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
Achaanak maar-Amarkantak (Madhya Pradesh)
Note :
• Out of these 14, Nilgiri, Sunderbans, Manas and Gulf of Mannar have been recognized on World Network of
Biosphere Reserves by UNESCO.

Project Tiger
--------------------
• It was launched on April 1, 1973 to ensure maintenance of viable population of the tigers in India.

• There are 29 tiger reserves in the country:

Bandipur- Karnataka
Corbett-  Uttrakhand
Kanha- Madhya Pradesh
Manas- Asom
Melghat- Maharashtra
Palamau -Jharkhand
Ranthambhore- Rajasthan
Similipal -Orissa
Sunderbans- West Bengal
Periyar- Kerala
Sariska -Rajasthan
Buxa -West Bengal
Indravati -Chattisgarh
Nagariunsagar- Andhra Pradesh
Namdapha- Arunachal Pradesh
Dudhwa Uttar- Pradesh
Kalakad-Mundanthurai- Tamil Nadu
Valmiki -Bihar
Pencil- Madhya Pradesh
Tadoba-Andhari -Maharashtra
Bandhavgarh- Madhya Pradesh
Panna- Madhya Pradesh
Dampha -Mizoram
Bhadra -Karnataka
Pench- Maharashtra
Pakhui-Nameri -Arunachal Pradesh-Asom
Bori, Satpura, Pachmari- Madhya Pradesh
Nagarhole- Karnataka
Katarniaghat -Uttar Pradesh
Nameri- Asom
Kaziranga -Asom
Note :
• Nagarjunasagar Tiger Reserve in AP is the largest, while Pench in Maharashtra is the smallest. Bandipur
in Karnataka was the first (1973-74), while Kaziranga is the latest (2006).

Project Elephant
----------------------

• It was launched in February 1992, to assist States having wild elephants to ensure long term survival of identified
viable populations of elephants in their natural habitat.
• There are 14 Elephant Reserves in India.

Agriculture in India
--------------------------------
Cropping Seasons in India

Kharif Crops of India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• Sown in summers between May and July, and harvested after the rains, in September and October.
• Eg: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.

Rabi Crops of India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• Sown at the beginning of winter and harvested before the onset of the summer season, between Feb and April.
• Eg: Wheat, barley, oilseeds, gram, potatoes, etc.

Zayad Crops
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
• They are raised between April and June.
• E.g. : Melon, watermelon, cucumber, toris, leafy and other vegetables.

Cash Crops of India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Commercial Crops)
.....................................
• Grown mainly for the market, only a small portion of the product is consumed by the farmers themselves (cotton,
sugarcane etc.)

Mineral Resources of India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Coal Resources in India
------------------------------
West Bengal- (Raniganj, Burdwan, Bankura, Purulio, Birbhum, Jalpaigudi, Darjeeling),

Jharkhand- (Jharia, Giridih,
Kharhawadi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh, Kamapura, Rampur, Palamau),

Orissa- (Rampur, Hindgir, Talcher, Sambal),

Madbyo
Pradesh and Chhatisgarh- (Rewa, Pench valley, Umaria, Korba, Sohagpur, Mand river area, Kanha valley, Betul), etc.

Power sector is the largest consumer of coal in India followed by steel industry, cement industry, etc.

Manganese
------------
Orissa, Maharashtra (Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri), Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindawara), Karnataka(Keonjhar,
Bonai, Kalahandi), Andhra Pradesh (Kadur, Garibadi).

Copper Minerals
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat), Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Masobani, Surda), Karnataka (Chitradurg,
Hassan).

Mica Minerals
--------------------
Jharkhand (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Kodarma), Bihar (Goya, Bhagalpur), Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Vizag, Kurnool),
Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur).

Petroleum Resources in India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Assam (Digboi, Naharkatiya, Badarpur, Masinpur and Pallharia), Gujarat, (Ankleshwar, Khambat, Kalol), Mumbai High,
Bassein (south of Mumbai High), etc. Recently oil has been discovered in Cauvery basin, Krishna and Godavary basin,
Khambat basin, etc.

Iron Resources
---------------------
• India possesses Haematite, a very high-grade iron ore. In Madhya Pradesh (Bailadila, Jabalpur), Goa (North
Goa), Karnataka (Bababudan hills, Chikmagalur, Hospet), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Naomundi), Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa.
• India is the fifth largest exporter of iron ore in the world. Japan is the biggest buyer accounting for about 3/4th of
India’s total exports. Major ports handling iron ore export are Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Marmagao and
Mangalore.

Bauxite Resources
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Chief ore for producing aluminium. In Orissa (Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir, Sambalpur), Jharkhand
(Lohardaga, Gumla), Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Kami, Balaghat), Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu.

Gold Resources in India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti, Raichur), Andhra Pradesh (Ramgiri and Yeppamanna goldfields in Chittor and Anantapur
districts).

Silver, Zinc & Lead
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rajasthan (Zawar mines near Udaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Mysore, Chitradurg), Karnataka (Kolar mines).

Uranium Resources in India
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Jharkhand (Jaduguda), Rajasthan (Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore, Nalgonda), Karnataka (Gulbarga).

Thorium Resources in India

Kerala coast (From Monazite sand), rocks of Aravallis in Rajasthan.